authors

• Manish Kumar, MD
• Bhowmik, Ratul
• Kumar, Suman
• Topno, Roshan Kamal
• Sahoo, Ganesh Chandra
• Kumar, Shyam Kishor
• Salo-Ahen, Outi M H
• Aspatwar, Ashok

publication date

• August 18, 2026

published in

• Virology  Journal

has subject area

• Animals
• CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
• Coinfection
• HIV Infections
• Host-Directed Therapy
• Humans
• Macrophages
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Tuberculosis

Keywords

• Antigen presentation
• Chronic immune activation
• Dual immune suppression
• Granuloma dysfunction
• Host-directed therapy
• Immune exhaustion
• Immunopathogenesis
• Macrophage dysfunction
• Systems biology
• TB–HIV co-infection

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

• https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2026.111054

PubMed ID

• 42679600

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